Frequency is how many times a value occurs. Percentage is that count divided by the total, times 100.
Why it matters
These are the simplest and most honest summary of categorical data, and the first table in most papers.
Key ideas
- Frequency (n) = count
- Percentage = n ÷ total × 100
- Always state the denominator
- Cumulative percentage adds up from the top
- Percentages of small n can mislead
Real-life research example
Of 80 mothers, 52 had at least four antenatal visits: 52 ÷ 80 = 65%.
When to use
- Any categorical variable (sex, district, yes/no)
When NOT to use
- Don't report percentages without n
- Don't use a percentage of a tiny group as if it were stable (2 of 3 = 67%)
Mini example
Responses: Yes, No, Yes, Yes, No, Yes, Yes, No, Yes, Yes Yes = 7, No = 3, n = 10 → 70% and 30%
Quick takeaway
Counts and percentages, always with the total.
Try it yourself
Paste your own list of answers (for example Yes/No or districts). Which category is most common, and by how much?
Model answer
The table is sorted by frequency, so the top row is the mode. Compare percentages and mention n.